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Time geography or time-space geography is an evolving transdisciplinary perspective on spatial and temporal processes and events such as social interaction, ecological interaction, social and environmental change, and biographies of individuals.〔; 〕 Time geography "is not a subject area per se," but rather an integrative ontological framework and visual language in which space and time are basic dimensions of analysis of dynamic processes. Time geography was originally developed by human geographers, but today it is applied in multiple fields related to transportation, regional planning, geography, anthropology, time use research, ecology, environmental science, and public health. "It is a basic approach, and every researcher can connect it to theoretical considerations in her or his own way." ==Origins of time geography== Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand created time geography in the mid-1960s based on ideas he had developed during his earlier empirical research on human migration patterns in Sweden. He sought "some way of finding out the workings of large socio-environmental mechanisms" using "a physical approach involving the study of how events occur in a time-space framework." Hägerstrand was inspired in part by conceptual advances in spacetime physics and by the philosophy of physicalism.〔In and , Hägerstrand cites the writings of Albert Einstein and Arthur Eddington on general relativity as inspirations. Physicalist philosopher and sociologist Otto Neurath is cited in . While these ideas are important sources for time-geographic ontology, time geography should not be portrayed as exclusively physicalist. Hägerstrand also cited phenomenologist Martin Heidegger and conservationist Rachel Carson as major influences, along with numerous geographers (). "Hägerstrand wanted to stress the importance of the material aspects of the real world as the basis of life, with an imperative for researchers to take basic constraints into consideration: that natural resources, time, and space are limited... Nevertheless, Torsten Hägerstrand was not a hardcore materialist. His materialism is embedded in a deep concern for the importance of human experiences, reflections, and reasoning for the development of geographical knowledge." ()〕 Hägerstrand's earliest formulation of time geography informally described its key ontological features: "In time-space the individual describes a ''path''" within a situational context; "life paths become captured within a net of constraints, some of which are imposed by physiological and physical necessities and some imposed by private and common decisions." "It would be impossible to offer a comprehensive taxonomy of constraints seen as time-space phenomena," Hägerstrand said, but he "tentatively described" three important classes of constraints: *''capability constraints'' — limitations on the activity of individuals because of their biological structure and/or the tools they can command, *''coupling constraints'' — limitations that "define where, when, and for how long, the individual has to join other individuals, tools, and materials in order to produce, consume, and transact" (closely related to critical path analysis), and *''authority constraints'' — limitations on the domain or "time-space entity within which things and events are under the control of a given individual or a given group." Hägerstrand illustrated these concepts with novel forms of graphical notation (inspired in part by musical notation),〔; ; 〕 such as: *the ''space-time aquarium'' (or ''space-time cube''), which displays individual paths in axonometric graphical projection of space and time coordinates; *the ''space-time prism'', which shows individuals' possible behavior in time-space given their capability constraints and coupling constraints; *''bundles'' of paths, which are the conjunction of individual paths due in part to their capability constraints and coupling constraints, and which help to create "pockets of local order"; *''concentric tubes or rings of accessibility'', which indicate certain capability constraints of a given individual, such as limited spatial size and limited manual, oral-auditive and visual range; and *''nested hierarchies of domains'', which show the authority constraints for a given individual or a given group.〔; 〕 While this innovative visual language is an essential feature of time geography, Hägerstrand's colleague Bo Lenntorp emphasized that it is the product of an underlying ontology, and "not the other way around. The notation system is a very useful tool, but it is a rather poor reflection of a rich world-view. In many cases, the notational apparatus has been the hallmark of time geography. However, the underlying ontology is the most important feature." Time geography is not only about time-geographic diagrams, just as music is not only about musical notation. Hägerstrand later explained: "What is briefly alluded to here is a 4-dimensional world of forms. This cannot be completely graphically depicted. On the other hand one ought to be able to imagine it with sufficient clarity for it to be of guidance in empirical and theoretical research." By 1981, geographers Nigel Thrift and Allan Pred were already defending time geography against those who would see it "merely as a rigid descriptive model of spatial and temporal organization which lends itself to accessibility constraint analysis (and related exercises in social engineering)." They argued that time geography is not just a model of constraints; it is a flexible and evolving way of thinking about reality that can complement a wide variety of theories and research methods. In the decades since then, Hägerstrand and others have made efforts to expand his original set of concepts.〔For a more extensive list of Hägerstrand's publications, see Torsten Hägerstrand〕 By the end of his life, Hägerstrand had ceased using the phrase "time geography" to refer to this way of thinking and instead used words like ''topoecology''.〔; 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「time geography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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